International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences
type: channel
description: • Editor- In-Chief: Dr. Mai S. Mabrouk • Title proper: International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences (IJLBPS) • Subject: Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences • Publisher: Unicorn Publications • Dates of publication: 2013 • Issn: 2395-650X • Frequency: Quarterly • Language: English • Country: India • Medium: Online • Indexed by: CROSSREF • Indexed by: ROAD,THE KEEPERS • Title DOI of the Journal: http://doi.org/10.62648 /issn.2395-650X
publisher: Unicorn Publications
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences
issn: 2395-650X
items: Using homeopathic medications to treat lung cancer
items: Screening, production, optimization, characterization, pharmacological analysis and applications of Exopolysaccharide from Marine Bacteria: A Review
items: Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution of BCS Class II Drugs Using Solid Dispersion Technique
items: Simultaneous Estimation of Antihypertensive Drugs Using Derivative Spectroscopy
items: Analysis of renal stone chemical composition
items: Inguinal hernia repair patients risk of infection and the frequency of surgical site complications necessitating intervention
items: Placebo-controlled trials on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchitis
items: Animal feed contaminated with Salmonella and the pig industry: a comparative analysis
items: AI-DRIVEN CLOUD HEALTHCARE SYSTEM FOR PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
items: Leveraging Cloud Computing and Recurrent Neural Networks for Scalable Healthcare Solutions and Resource Management
items: Healthcare Data Classification for Lung Cancer Detection Using Efficient Net with Cloud Storage
items: EFFECT OF MERCURIC SULPHATE AND CADMIUM SULPHATE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN ESTUARINE CRAB SCYLLA SERRATA
items: AI-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND DETECTION OF BRAIN TUMORS IN HEALTHCARE IMAGING DATA
items: Scalable Medical Image Analysis Using CNNs and DFS with Data Sharding for Efficient Processing
items: Scalable Healthcare Analytics in the Cloud: Applying Bayesian Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and LightGBM for Pediatric Readmission Forecasting
items: Effectiveness of Combined Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises for Treating Shin Splints in Football Players
items: An investigation into the prevalence of anemia in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated at a tertiary care hospital
items: The fruit of the plant Terminalia belerica Roxb. : a phytochemical and pharmacological assessment
items: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WHOLE MILK AND COCONUT MILK PANEER INCORPORATED WITH SPINACH LEAF
items: Comprehensive Strategies and Emerging Trends in the Global Fight Against Malaria
items: PHARMACOPOEIA
items: Preservatives used in Pharmaceuticals and impact on Health
items: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized From Calotropis procera
items: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Tetrahydroquinazoline Derivatives of Benzo[b]thiophene
items: Production and Purification of Pharmaceutically Important Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus Species
items: Physical and Release Properties of Metronidazole Suppositories TA Adegboye and OA Itiola
items: Physical and Release Properties of Metronidazole Suppositories
items: Ethanol with ginger: a preliminary screening for possible therapeutic effects
items: Effect of various polymers on swelling and in vitro release oframipril in effervescent system
items: Time to address quality control processes appliedto antibody testing for infectious diseases

Using homeopathic medications to treat lung cancer
type: item
description: Both in vitro and in vivo, in both people and animals, and in both lower and higher potencies, homeopathic medications have shown biological effect in the treatment of cancer. Cancer patients must make a life-or-death choice on their course of therapy. It would seem reasonable and worthwhile, even urgent, to increase research on and even the provision of homeopathic treatment for lung cancer and other diseases, since the majority of conventional treatments are still linked to serious side effects and occasionally fatal outcomes, whereas homeopathy has been found to be free of such effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Vipul Avinash Shilahar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 33
ending page: 38

Screening, production, optimization, characterization, pharmacological analysis and applications of Exopolysaccharide from Marine Bacteria: A Review
type: item
description: Exopolysaccharides (EPS) is a group of high molecular weight biopolymers produced during the metabolic process of some microorganisms. A broad class of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are produced by microbes in response to environmental stressors such salt, pH, temperature, and light intensity. Microbial marine exopolysaccharides (EPS) are one of the essential and functional commercial-grade products and have several biotechnological applications. Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from microorganisms are essential harmless natural biopolymers used in applications including medications, nutraceuticals and functional foods, cosmetics, and insecticides. Isolating new EPSs with unique functionalities and unique chemical and physical characteristics is gaining attention. In this sense, a vast number of unidentified and uncultivated bacteria that are capable of producing and excreting EPSs can be found in the marine environment. The structure of EPS is complex and difficult to analyze, resulting in difficulties in investigating their structure–activity relationship, and its specific mechanism of action has not yet been revealed. . The characterization studies, structural and pharmaceutical analysis are crucially important parameters that need to be studied and those headings are discussed in this review.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Exopolysaccharide,
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine organisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Characterization technique
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmaceutical analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Edward C
creator: Sangeetha M
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution of BCS Class II Drugs Using Solid Dispersion Technique
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to develop a solvent evaporation technique for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, such as fluvoxamine tablets. Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant medication that is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). The goal is to enhance the biological performance of Fluvoxamine by using a solid dispersion method since the BCS class II medication has poor oral bioavailability and low water solubility. Methodology: The medication Fluvoxamine was created utilizing the solvent evaporation process. Fluvoxamine solid dispersions were made using various carriers in PEG 6000 and mannitol ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. Findings: Findings from Fluvoxamine solid dispersions made using the solid dispersion technique Lastly, a comparison of all the formulations reveals that formulation (SF3), which contains fluvoxamine and PEG 6000 (1:3), performs better. We came to the conclusion that the solvent evaporation solid dispersion process improves the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. We also produced six Fluvovamine formulations (FDF1–FDF6), and FDF4 exhibits the highest drug release at the end of time (98.9±0.8%).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mannitol
  topic: keywords
subject: PEG 6000
  topic: keywords
subject: fluvoxamine
  topic: keywords
subject: antidepressant
  topic: keywords
subject: solvent evaporation
  topic: keywords
subject: direct compression technique
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. K. Gopaiah
creator: Dr. Ch. Maheshwara Reddy
creator: Dr M. Balaji Yadav
creator: Dr. V. S. N. Murthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-30
publication date: 2024-08-30
starting page: 6
ending page: 15

Simultaneous Estimation of Antihypertensive Drugs Using Derivative Spectroscopy
type: item
description: For the simultaneous measurement of atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate, a straightforward, accurate, and precise UV spectroscopic approach has been established. The established approach of simultaneous equations is cost-effective and repeatable. 365 and 246 nm were the wavelengths used to measure the absorbance of the two medications, respectively. Amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium showed linearity at their respective λmaxes of 365 and 246 nm as well as at the isoabsorptive point at 238 nm in a concentration range of 2 to 10 μg/mL. The accuracy of the approach was shown by recovery trials, which showed recovery of >99.78% for amlodipine besylate and >99.36% for atorvastatin calcium. The proposed approach is recommended for regular analysis due to its speed, ease of use, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The International Council of Harmonization's (ICH) guidelines were followed for conducting the validation investigations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: UV spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: atorvastatin calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: amlodipine besylate
  topic: keywords
subject: simultaneous equation approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. P. Venkateswara Rao
creator: Dr. Sk. Abdul Jabbar Basha
creator: T. Raja
creator: Dr. Himaja Trivedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Analysis of renal stone chemical composition
type: item
description: Context: Nephrolithiasis is a common condition that affects many people, especially those in their working years. The incidence of this condition is increasing and varies greatly throughout the world's areas. In order to determine the chemical make-up of kidney stones, the current investigation was carried out. Procedures and Supplies: For this study, 54 individuals with renal stones were chosen. The samples were first swabbed to check for microbes, then rinsed in deionized water and allowed to dry. A variety of morphological traits, such as form, color, and texture, were noted. To determine how opaque the stones were, they were X-rayed. Using a scalpel, the kidney stone's core and surface parts were sliced. In order to obtain a fine, uniform powder for qualitative measurement of different components, it was pounded using a pestle and mortar. Thirty men and twenty-four ladies made up the 54 patients. The chemical composition varied among the participants: 3 men and 2 females tested positive for inorganic compounds, 6 men and 4 females for carbonate, 4 men and 3 females for oxalate, 6 men and 5 females for phosphate, 3 men and 3 females for ammonia, 2 men and 3 females for uric acid, 4 men and 3 females for magnesium, and 2 men and 3 females for organic compounds. (P> 0.05) The disparity was not statistically significant. There were 5 males and 3 females with a sterile bacterial profile, 7 males and 6 females with a Proteus profile, 2 males and 2 females with candidain, 1 female with P aeruginosa, 2 males and 1 female with Citrobacter diversus, 2 males and 1 female with Citrobacter Freudenreichii, 6 males and 7 females with Enterobacter species, 1 male and 1 female with staphylococcus aureus, and 5 males and 2 females with contaminated results. (P> 0.05) The disparity was not statistically significant. In sum: Patients most often had Proteus spp. infections, which may result from poor urine drainage and cause persistent UTIs, as shown by the presence of MgNH4 PO4 (st…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: microbes, then rinsed deionize
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Sai Kiran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 28
ending page: 31

Inguinal hernia repair patients risk of infection and the frequency of surgical site complications necessitating intervention
type: item
description: Surgical correction of inguinal hernias is a common and necessary operation for treating the protrusion of abdominal contents via a weak spot in the inguinal region. The primary goal of this research is to determine how often after inguinal hernia repairs patients have surgical site infections and how often these infections need further procedures. A total of 350 patients who had inguinal hernia repairs had their data gathered in this retrospective observational analysis. The information for the 350 patients who had inguinal hernia repairs was culled from electronic medical records (EMRs) and surgical logs. We meticulously documented patient data, including age, gender, BMI, smoking status, and the presence of comorbidities such COPD and diabetes mellitus. The results showed that out of 350 patients, 70% were male and 30% were female, with a mean age of 55 years. Patients smoked at a rate of 40% and had an average BMI of 28.5 kg/m². Half of the people in the group had diabetes, and another 15% had COPD. Twelve percent of the three hundred and fifty patients had surgery site infections (SSIs), with the rate being thirteen percent higher in the open repair group compared to the laparoscopic group (9.2%). Out of the 16 patients who had surgical site occurrences (SSOs), 8% had seromas, 5% had hematomas, and 2.8% had wound dehiscence. Researchers have shown that individuals with risk factors such diabetes mellitus, smoking, and mesh usage are more likely to get surgical site infections (SSIs) and surgical site occurrences (SSOs), which are serious problems that may occur after inguinal hernia surgery. Retrospective investigation including inguinal hernia and infections at surgery sites
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: electronic medical records
  topic: keywords
creator: Krishna Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 23
ending page: 27

Placebo-controlled trials on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchitis
type: item
description: Although asthma may strike at any age, it most often manifests in children. A person with this condition may experience wheezing and shortness of breath on a regular basis, the intensity of which might vary from person to person. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), Asthma affects an increasing global population of 100–150 million people, or about the same as the population of the Russian Federation. Over 180,000 people each year are losing their lives to this illness on a global scale. Both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are airway illnesses with clear clinical definitions, yet each has its own unique pathophysiology and therapeutic response. The safety profile of tiotropium is similar to that of a placebo, and it is well-tolerated. Resting bronchomotor tone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is thought to be mostly caused by the parasympathetic nervous system, which is thought to play a significant role in the autonomic regulation of airways. With that in mind, we set out to compare 18mcg of tiotropium metered dose inhalation to a placebo group of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma over the course of 14 weeks. Tiotropium, when administered once daily by dry powder inhaler at a dosage of 18 mcg, improved bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms for at least 24 hours. From a clinical and spirometric perspective, the medication is effective and safe. Reduced symptom severity, less need for rescue medicine, and fewer acute episodes were all outcomes of our research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tiotropium, PLACEBO
  topic: keywords
creator: Srinidhi
creator: Madhan Mohan
creator: Vijaya Laxmi
creator: G Raju
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
starting page: 10
ending page: 22

Animal feed contaminated with Salmonella and the pig industry: a comparative analysis
type: item
description: Animal feed account for more than 75% total cost of production in pig industry and feed spoilage is a common factor as well as disease infection. These negative factors were influenced on production process in pig industry. Hence animal feeds and faecal samples were collected from pig farms and analyzed for microbial prevalence. The results revealed that the pathogenic microorganisms that can be zoonotic in nature E. coli staphylococcus and bacillus species of microbes were most prevalent
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animal feed, Microbial prevalence, Pig industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

AI-DRIVEN CLOUD HEALTHCARE SYSTEM FOR PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
type: item
description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still one of the world's main reasons of mortality, imposing considerable burdens on healthcare systems and economies, and hence requiring timely and precise risk prediction for enhanced patient outcomes. The existing CVD risk assessment approaches, such as statistical models and traditional machine learning methods, have limitations like poor scalability, poor management of heterogeneous data, poor handling of timely processing, and weaknesses in data privacy, which hamper their seamless integration into clinical workflows. To bridge these loopholes, this study proposes a hybrid AI framework combining Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and XGBoost on a cloud-native platform that enables smooth processing of big data without causing non-compliance with security expectations. The originality of this approach is that it is a fusion of ensemble learning and deep learning within a cloud-based secure environment which allows for real-time model updating and individualized risk estimation. The experimental results determine greater predictive ability, 99.95% precision, F1 measure of 98.99%, and highly balanced values of recall and precision, considerably surpassing baseline models such as individual XGBoost, Random Forest and CNN-LSTM hybrids. The hybrid architecture demonstrates greater robustness, less false negative and higher clinical utility compared to existing methods. This advancement significantly enhances the feasibility of early diagnosis and facilitates scalability for deployment with flexibility across a variety of healthcare applications. Future research attempts to further minimize false negatives, include multimodal data sources, and enhance model interpretability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CVD
  topic: keywords
subject: DNN
  topic: keywords
subject: XGBoost
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid AI mode
  topic: keywords
creator: Sachin Kumar Agrawal
creator: Kanwarjit Zakhmi
creator: Aiswarya RS
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-07-24
publication date: 2023-07-24
starting page: 21
ending page: 31

Leveraging Cloud Computing and Recurrent Neural Networks for Scalable Healthcare Solutions and Resource Management
type: item
description: The joint efforts of Cloud Computing and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) represent a new revolution in the healthcare sector, bringing along flexible, scalable, and affordable ways to monitor patients or manage resource usage. The cloud here would be an elastic infrastructure using which healthcare institutions can save, access, and process health data in a more secure manner with less dependence on costly hardware. It has pretty much proved only-in-human resource to be reliable for sequential data, making the patient health information time-dependent patient health information an exceptional example for this application. The RNN model achieved an 85% accuracy and 87% precision that show how efficiently it could predict diabetes. Well, this framework is said to enhance patient care due to the prediction of health outcomes and intervention in time. Data security is still a problem, and with the complexity of RNN models, advanced encryption and model simplification techniques are required. Altogether, the combination of RNNs with cloud technologies will probably add a lot to early diagnosis, patient care, and efficiency in a health-care facility, and therefore definitely address the new growing demands in health care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Scalable Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Dharma Teja Valivarthi
creator: Veerandra Kumar R
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2019-04-16
publication date: 2019-04-16
starting page: 31
ending page: 40

Healthcare Data Classification for Lung Cancer Detection Using Efficient Net with Cloud Storage
type: item
description: Lung carcinoma is one of the deadliest cancers globally, and early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient survival rates. This study introduces an innovative approach to detect lung cancer using a combination of Efficient Net and cloud storage, which ensures scalable and efficient processing of medical images. By leveraging deep learning and cloud computing, the system automatically analyzes CT scans and X-rays to identify potential signs of lung cancer. Efficient Net, a lightweight deep learning model, optimizes computational resources while maintaining high accuracy in image classification, thereby reducing costs. The cloud infrastructure facilitates real-time data access, allowing healthcare providers to quickly retrieve and analyze patient images from anywhere. Additionally, the cloud supports continuous model updates, ensuring that the detection system improves over time. The model's performance has been evaluated across multiple metrics, demonstrating its effectiveness as a reliable tool for early lung cancer detection, which can be integrated into clinical practices for enhanced patient outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficient Net
  topic: keywords
creator: Madhusanka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-18
publication date: 2025-01-18
starting page: 18
ending page: 30

EFFECT OF MERCURIC SULPHATE AND CADMIUM SULPHATE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN ESTUARINE CRAB SCYLLA SERRATA
type: item
description: Physiological responses oxygen consumption of estuarine crab Scylla serrata were exposed to the sub-lethal concentration of cadmium sulphate and mercuric sulphate for the present investigation up to 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 hrs (17.2mg/L, 6 mg/L), respectively. The oxygen consumption was initially slight increased (24 hrs) and then decreased throughout the experiment in both the treated groups as compared with control group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Scylla serrata
  topic: keywords
subject: Cadmium sulphate
  topic: keywords
subject: Mercuric sulphate
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. P. P. Sawant
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-24
publication date: 2025-01-24
starting page: 8
ending page: 17

AI-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND DETECTION OF BRAIN TUMORS IN HEALTHCARE IMAGING DATA
type: item
description: This study proposes an AI-driven framework for brain tumour detection using explainable AI (XAI) and deep learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy and transparency in healthcare imaging. The methodology integrates cloud-hosted MRI datasets, pre-processed via Median Filtering and Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), with an EfficientNet-based classifier optimized through compound scaling and auxiliary classifiers. SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) provides interpretable insights into model decisions, ensuring clinical trust. Results demonstrate high accuracy (99.0%), though lower precision (90.94%) and recall (90.55%) highlight challenges in class balance. The ROC curve’s marginal AUC (0.5439) underscores limitations in tumour vs. healthy tissue discrimination. Despite computational demands and protocol dependencies, the framework offers a scalable, privacy-preserving solution for clinical deployment, bridging gaps between AI performance and interpretability in oncology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization(CLAHE)
  topic: keywords
subject: SHAP(Shapley Additive Explanations)
  topic: keywords
subject: Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
  topic: keywords
creator: Himabindu Chetlapalli
creator: S Bharathidasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2018 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-04-26
publication date: 2025-04-26
starting page: 18
ending page: 26

Scalable Medical Image Analysis Using CNNs and DFS with Data Sharding for Efficient Processing
type: item
description: Cloud computing essentially improves accessibility of patient records, medical images, and sensor information by enabling the effective management, processing, and storage of large amounts of medical data. However, traditional systems are often very limited in capacity, in addition to having problems about real-time processing of data, and security. This makes the management of massive health data volumes ineffective and results to delays in diagnosis. Due to limits in data administration and processing capabilities, earlier systems have a hard time ensuring high availability of and reliable interpretation of medical images. Our architecture employs a cloud-based infrastructure, which works jointly with Distributed File Systems (DFS) and data sharding strategies to facilitate scaling and optimization of resource allocation. The approach employs Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for medical image analysis, whereby accuracy is improved in terms of diagnostics and abnormality detection. At 95% model accuracy, precision lies at 93%, recall at 91%, and a score of 0.97 for the AUC-ROC. In addition, the throughput is improved to 5 TB per hour at a cost of $100 per TB. This study has furthered the design of a scalable, secure, and high-performing healthcare data management system with real-time capability while ensuring data privacy and compliance with healthcare regulations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cloud computing
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare data management
  topic: keywords
subject: data sharding
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: data security
  topic: keywords
creator: Durga Praveen Deevi
creator: S. Jayanthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2018 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2018-03-28
publication date: 2018-03-28
starting page: 16
ending page: 22

Scalable Healthcare Analytics in the Cloud: Applying Bayesian Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and LightGBM for Pediatric Readmission Forecasting
type: item
description: Pediatric readmissions present significant challenges in healthcare, leading to increased costs, poor health outcomes, and psychological stress on families. Traditional prediction models often struggle to handle the complexity and variability of healthcare data, which limits their predictive capabilities. In response, this study explores the potential of integrating AI and cloud computing to enhance prediction accuracy and scalability for pediatric readmissions. The objective is to compare three machine learning techniques—Bayesian Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and LightGBM—in a cloud-based environment to determine the most effective method for predicting pediatric readmissions at scale. Bayesian Networks are used to model complex interdependencies between patient characteristics, while Genetic Algorithms are applied for feature optimization and selection. LightGBM, known for its speed and accuracy in handling large datasets, provides fast predictions with high accuracy. The models are implemented on a cloud platform, enabling scalable, real-time predictions using diverse data sources, such as electronic health records and patient demographics. The results show that the AI-powered cloud computing model outperforms individual methods, achieving an accuracy of 88%, precision of 85%, recall of 83%, F1-score of 84%, and an AUC of 92%. This combination of machine learning techniques significantly improves prediction accuracy, scalability, and real-time performance in healthcare applications. The study concludes that integrating Bayesian Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and LightGBM within a cloud environment offers a robust solution for predicting pediatric readmissions, making it a valuable tool for reducing unnecessary hospitalizations, optimizing care delivery, and improving patient outcomes in pediatric healthcare systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pediatric readmissions
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayesian Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: cloud computing
  topic: keywords
subject: LightGBM
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: real-time predictions
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic Algorithms
  topic: keywords
creator: Venkata Surya Teja Gollapalli
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2020-04-16
publication date: 2020-04-16
starting page: 11
ending page: 27

Effectiveness of Combined Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises for Treating Shin Splints in Football Players
type: item
description: This study investigates the effectiveness of combined open kinetic and closed kinetic chain exercises in treating shin splints (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome) in football players. A total of 15 football players aged 12-18 years participated in a quasi-experimental study. Pain intensity was measured before and after the intervention using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). The results showed a significant reduction in pain, from an average of 7.07 (Pre-test) to 3.13 (Post-test) (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that combining open and closed kinetic exercises is effective for reducing shin splint symptoms and improving function. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to confirm these results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Shin Splints
  topic: keywords
subject: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) Exercises
  topic: keywords
subject: Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) Exercises
  topic: keywords
subject: Football Players
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Immanuel
creator: Dr. P.Muthukrishnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

An investigation into the prevalence of anemia in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated at a tertiary care hospital
type: item
description: To provide some context, diabetes mellitus refers to a collection of metabolic illnesses that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates. Studies have shown that diabetics have a twofold higher incidence of anemia compared to people who do not have diabetes. The development of anemia is an extra burden that is added to the microvascular issues that are associated with diabetes. In spite of these facts, twenty-five percent of diabetic patients do not seek medical attention for anemia. The goals are: 1. To conduct research on the degree to which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus experience acute anemia 2. To investigate the significance of anemia as a clinical indication of prognosis in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a method: A prospective clinical study was carried out at selected tertiary hospital during the months of August 2022 and January 2024. The study involved 125 patients who were evaluated for type 2 diabetes mellitus and were admitted to the inpatient department of general medicine. The relevant inferential statistics were utilized in order to analyze the data. Based on the findings of the study, it was found that out of a total of 125 patients, 78 (36.5%) were females, while 47 (37.5%) were males. Among the observations that fall into the HbA1c >10 group, the majority of them (86.7% of them) have a Severe Hb. Significantly more than sixty-three percent of people who have had diabetes for more than ten years have significant Hb severity. The findings of this study indicate that there is a requirement for periodic hematological screening in all diabetic patients who present themselves to the hospital, as well as treatment of anemia, in order to achieve a more favorable outcome and reduce the risk of complications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: patients diagnosed
  topic: keywords
subject: tertiary care hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: Sheeba.B
creator: Dr. Arul Valan.P
creator: Dr. Gopinath Subramanian
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-04
publication date: 2024-12-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

The fruit of the plant Terminalia belerica Roxb. : a phytochemical and pharmacological assessment
type: item
description: India has a wealth of documented and widely used information on herbal medicine. Only a small handful of the world's most valuable medicinal plants are not native to the United States. There are about 3,000 plants with documented therapeutic uses in India. This publication provides a comprehensive review of the phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of Terminalia bellerica. Using IR and GCMS analysis, an attempt was made to separate ellagic acid and describe it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ellagic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: anticancer action
  topic: keywords
subject: Terminalia bellerica
  topic: keywords
creator: Nair saisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2013 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2013-02-10
publication date: 2013-02-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 12

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WHOLE MILK AND COCONUT MILK PANEER INCORPORATED WITH SPINACH LEAF
type: item
description: The paneer is the most dairy product and made of milk products and dairy products. It is used in various types of products like frying , curries and different types. It is developed the quality in its is the main ingredient is spinach and coconut milk to enhance the taste of the product ,texture and flavor and aroma and its is spongy and softy in texture. And spinach is rich in more iron , potassium, vitamins and minerals .Paneer (pronounced [/pəˈniːr/), also known as panir (pronounced [pani̯r), is a fresh acid-set cheese common in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent made from full-fat buffalo milk or cow milk. It is a soft cheese that is not aged and does not melt that is created by adding an acidic fruit or vegetable, like lemon juice, to milk to curdle it. One type of soft cheese from South Asia is called paneer, which is made by coagulating milk with heat and acid. It is widely consumed in South Asia and is used to make a variety of snacks and gourmet preparations. It is a great source of fat, vitamins, minerals, and high-quality animal protein.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coconut milk
  topic: keywords
subject: spinach
  topic: keywords
subject: vitamins
  topic: keywords
subject: minerals
  topic: keywords
subject: flavor
  topic: keywords
subject: texture.
  topic: keywords
creator: H Kavitha
creator: Dr. A. Swaroopa Rani
creator: S.P.Neha Thasleem
creator: P. Hari Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-06-14
publication date: 2024-06-14
starting page: 39
ending page: 44

Comprehensive Strategies and Emerging Trends in the Global Fight Against Malaria
type: item
description: Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions where poverty, climate, and limited access to healthcare converge. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of current research findings, control strategies, and emerging trends in the fight against malaria. Drawing from a wide range of scientific literature and field reports, we delve into the intricate web of factors influencing malaria transmission, its impact on communities, and the innovative approaches being employed to combat this ancient scourge. By synthesizing key insights and highlighting gaps in knowledge, this review aims to inform policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers on the ongoing battle against "Malrira."
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Malaria Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease Transmission
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovative Treatments
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. S. Peer Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-06-04
publication date: 2024-06-04
starting page: 20
ending page: 38

PHARMACOPOEIA
type: item
description: Derived from Greek word ‘Pharmakon’ means drug and ‘Poiea’means to make.it is a legal and official book issued by recognized authorities usually appointed by Government of each country. it comprises list of pharmaceutical substances, formula along with their description and stand.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Argentine
  topic: keywords
subject: Austrian
  topic: keywords
subject: Belgian
  topic: keywords
subject: Mexican
  topic: keywords
creator: B. Akhila
creator: S. Tharun Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-23
publication date: 2024-05-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 19

Preservatives used in Pharmaceuticals and impact on Health
type: item
description: For several decades pharmacist have been aware of the need to protect their products against microbial contamination but it is only during the last one or perhaps two decades the serious thought of has been applied to the science of preservation. Preservatives are commonly used as additives in pharmaceutical products, food and cosmetics. Some of the liquid preparations are susceptible to microbial contamination because of the nature of ingredients present in it. Such preparations are protected by preservatives which avoids degradation and alternation of the product. A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical added to various products which helps to prevent microbial decomposition. Present article deals with the study of ideal properties, classification, and mechanism of action, pharmaceuticals applications and its impacts on health of various preservatives used in pharmaceuticals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: preservatives
  topic: keywords
subject: classification of preservatives
  topic: keywords
subject: natural preservatives
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical classification
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.B.V.Ramana
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-03-16
publication date: 2024-03-16
starting page: 15
ending page: 38

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized From Calotropis procera
type: item
description: Nanoparticles generated from Calotropis procera leaf extract were compared for their quantity, nature, and antibacterial action in this work. The generated ZnO NPs were examined using FTIR and SEM. Images captured by scanning electron microscopy clearly show that the biologically produced particles have a size between 100 and 200 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of several antibacterial agents were determined by conducting studies on both plant and human diseases. The green produced ZnO NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both human and plant pathogens at all doses tested, with the highest zone of inhibition seen at 30 μg/mL. At concentrations ranging from 50 to 12.5 εg/ml of nano-ZnO, all microorganisms tested were entirely inhibited, according to the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of NPs against human pathogenic bacteria and plant bacterial pathogens. Various concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles significantly inhibited spore germination, demonstrating the antifungal action of these particles against fungus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Calotropis procera
  topic: keywords
subject: zinc oxide nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: fluorescence transfer spectroscopy (FTIR)
  topic: keywords
subject: scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: antifungal efficacy.
  topic: keywords
creator: Donthula Srilatha
creator: Kammapati Arunasri
creator: Mangali Sravanthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-02-23
publication date: 2024-02-23
starting page: 6
ending page: 14

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Tetrahydroquinazoline Derivatives of Benzo[b]thiophene
type: item
description: The current study details the synthesis of 3-a-dimethyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline2, 5(1H, 6H)dione from 4-(1-(3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl). Beginning with indole-3-aldehyde and 3- chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carbonylchloride, these as-yet-unreported compounds are prepared (1a-d). A ransomware of chemicals (3a-d) was cooked up. Infrared and 1H NMR spectra of the newly produced chemicals helped to clarify their structures. All of the compounds showed excellent to moderate antimicrobial activity when tested against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa in a broth dilution assay, and they were also tested against Candida albicans, A. niger, and A. clavatus in an antifungal assay.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: synthesis.
  topic: keywords
creator: Boya Shailaja
creator: Shaik Jubeda
creator: ,Ganganamoni Aravind
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-01-12
publication date: 2024-01-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Production and Purification of Pharmaceutically Important Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus Species
type: item
description: Despite the many demonstrations of the medical and pharmacological value of thrombolytic drugs such as urokinase, t-PA, streptokinase, staphylokinase, and others since the 1970s, these treatments may sometimes induce unwanted side effects such as bleeding and allergic reactions. Isolation, screening, and identification of a soil bacteria for fibrinolytic enzyme synthesis are detailed in the current results. After collecting samples from various places, the researchers utilized skimmed milk agar plates to screen for proteolytic activity and the fibrin plate technique to assess fibrinolytic activity. The Bacillus Spp strain was shown to be capable of generating fibrinolytic protein. Biochemical characterisation and Bergery's handbook of systemic bacteriology were used concurrently. The chosen strain was then fermented for 5 days at 37°C and 180 rpm in basal medium. Using bovine serum albumin as a reference, the protein content was determined using the Biuret technique. The fibrinolytic test was conducted separately. Proteins were isolated in peaks with retention times of 2.092, 3.188, 5.178, 7.295, and 11.32 minutes throughout the three-stage purification process that began with ammonium sulphate salting out and ended with RP-HPLC separation. A maximal activity is shown by the proportion with a retention duration of 7.295 minutes. An ideal pH range of 7.0 to 7.5 was determined for the enzyme. At its optimal pH, enzyme activity is maintained, but it is discovered to diminish when pH levels rise. The activity is most at 40°C, and it remains steady between 37 and 43°C with just a little change in activity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clot
  topic: keywords
subject: fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: fibrinolytic
  topic: keywords
subject: fibrinogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacillus Spp
  topic: keywords
subject: thrombus
  topic: keywords
creator: Paduri Amani
creator: Cheekuri Suchitra
creator: Bairu Vaishnav
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-11-16
publication date: 2023-11-16
starting page: 12
ending page: 18

Physical and Release Properties of Metronidazole Suppositories TA Adegboye and OA Itiola
type: item
description: In order to better understand how to optimize the rectal formulation of metronidazole, this research examined the physical and release features of metronidazole suppositories and how various bases and adjuvants affected these qualities. The following steps were used to make suppositories: (1) witepsol (H15 and E75) and (2) polyethylene glycol (PEG 2850 and 4650) bases containing 200 mg of metronidazole each; as adjuvants, various amounts of Tween 80, sodium salicylate, and methylcellulose were used. In addition to the crushing strength, disintegration time, and time for 80% metronidazole release (t80), the suppositories' setting time, solidification point, and melting range were also determined. The results showed that witepsol H15 had the shortest setting time of the suppositories, followed by PEG 2850, witepsol E75, and PEG 4650. In contrast, the order of solidification point, melting range, crushing strength, disintegration time, and the time it took for 80% of metronidazole to be released from the suppositories (t80) was the exact opposite of the ranking for setting time. For the suppository formulations, the ideal amounts of Tween 80 and sodium salicylate were noted. The Kitazawa plots revealed that at time t1, all of the formulations had two dissolving rate constants, k1 and k2, which intersected. Formulations with 5 to 20% w/w methylcellulose displayed a third dissolution rate constant, k3, which intersected with k2 at time t2. In conclusion, the bases and adjuvants used have a significant impact on the physical and release characteristics of metronidazole suppositories. While methylcellulose is effective for sustained-release metronidazole suppositories, tween 80 and sodium salicylate are likely only suitable for use in formulating immediate-release suppositories. Parameters determined from Kitazawa plots may provide some light on these findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Suppository bases
  topic: keywords
subject: metronidazole
  topic: keywords
subject: adjuvants
  topic: keywords
subject: physical and release qualities
  topic: keywords
subject: Kitazawa plots
  topic: keywords
creator: Goti Renuka 1
creator: Kothonda Venkatesh
creator: Annebemoju Madhu
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-10-10
publication date: 2023-10-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 11

Physical and Release Properties of Metronidazole Suppositories
type: item
description: Purpose: A study was made of the effects of some bases and adjuvants on the physical and release properties of metronidazole suppositories with a view to providing more information for the optimization of the rectal formulation of metronidazole.Method: Suppositories (1g) containing 200mg of metronidazole each were prepared in witepsol (H15 and E75) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 2850 and 4650) bases, using different concentrations of Tween 80, sodium salicylate and methylcellulose as adjuvants. The setting time, solidification point and melting range of the suppositories were determined, along with their crushing strength, disintegration time and the time for 80% of metronidazole to be released from the suppositories (t80).Results: The ranking of setting time for the suppositories was witepsol H15 > PEG 2850 > witepsol E75 > PEG 4650, while the ranking of solidification point, melting range, crushing strength, disintegration time and the time for 80% of metronidazole to be released from the suppositories (t80) was the reverse of that for setting time. Optimal concentrations of Tween 80 and sodium salicylate were observed for the suppository formulations. Using Kitazawa plots, all formulations showed two dissolution rate constants, k1 and k2 intersecting at time t1, with formulations containing 5 to 20 % w/w of methylcellulose exhibiting a third dissolution rate constant, k3 intersecting with k2 at time t2.Conclusion: The physical and release properties of metronidazole suppositories are influenced considerably by the bases and adjuvants employed. Tween 80 and sodium salicylate can probably be used to formulate only immediate-release suppositories while methylcellulose can be useful for sustained-release metronidazole suppositories. Some insight into these inferences can be obtained from parameters derived from Kitazawa plots.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: metronidazole
  topic: keywords
subject: suppository bases
  topic: keywords
subject: adjuvants
  topic: keywords
subject: physical and release properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Kitazawa plots
  topic: keywords
creator: Potti Brahmeswari
creator: Meraj Sultana
creator: Ospari Nagamoulali Swamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-09-26
publication date: 2023-09-26
starting page: 11
ending page: 20

Ethanol with ginger: a preliminary screening for possible therapeutic effects
type: item
description: The current investigation was designed to determine the methods by which ginger (Zingiber officinale) may prevent alcohol-induced heart damage in rats. Total carbs, pyruvate, total proteins, free amino acids, and lactate levels were analyzed in cardiac tissue to determine the metabolic profiles of carbohydrates. Rats that had consumed too much alcohol had significantly lower levels of free amino acids and lactate and significantly lower amounts of total carbs and pyruvate. While free amino acids and lactate levels decreased significantly in cardiac tissues, total carbs and proteins increased significantly after treatment with ginger (200 mg/kg body weight). Our findings suggest that ginger's abundance of bioactive chemicals may be responsible for its ability to shield rat cardiac tissue from the damaging effects of alcohol.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: alcoholic beverages
  topic: keywords
subject: ginger
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiovascular system
  topic: keywords
subject: rat carbohydrate metabolic profiles.
  topic: keywords
creator: CH.SATISH KUMAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-08-18
publication date: 2023-08-18
starting page: 6
ending page: 10

Effect of various polymers on swelling and in vitro release oframipril in effervescent system
type: item
description: Tablet can be Utilized for precise delivery of drugs and reduce the drug concentrations at sites other than the target organ. The present study performed by preparation and evaluation of floating tablets of Ramipril as model drug. For prolongation of gastric residence time floating effervescent tablets were formulated by various materials like. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K 4M, K 15M, K 100M and micro crystalline cellulose and gas generating agent like sodium bicarbonate and evaluated for floating properties, swelling characteristics and drug release studies. In vitro drug release studies were performed and drug release kinetics evaluated using the linear regression method was found to follow both the Higuchi and the Korsemeyer Peppas equation. The drug release mechanism was found non-fickian type in most of the formulations. The developed floating tablets of Ramipril may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release for at least 12 h, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ramipril
  topic: keywords
subject: HPMC
  topic: keywords
subject: Microcrystalline cellulose/
  topic: keywords
subject: Higuchi
  topic: keywords
subject: Korsemeyer Peppas equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-fickian
  topic: keywords
creator: Bharathi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-08-10
publication date: 2023-08-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Time to address quality control processes appliedto antibody testing for infectious diseases
type: item
description: Controlling these assays has also evolved to mirror those used in clinical chemistry as testing for infectious illnesses progresses from manual, biological testing like complement filtration to high throughput automated autoanalyzers. But clinical chemistry testing and infectious disease serology vary greatly from one another, and when typical quality control techniques are applied to serology, these discrepancies are ignored. Highly controlled, infectious illness serology finds antibodies to many and diverse antigens and of distinct classes that fluctuate depending on the genotype/serotype and stage of disease of the organism. While the tests provide a number (often signal to cut-off), what they are really assessing is the degree of binding within the test system, not the quantity of antibodies. Lot-to-lot variance is a feature of all serology tests, hence clinical chemistry quality control techniques are unsuitable. Many jurisdictions require the test run to be validated by using the manufacturer-provided kit controls. Thirdparty controls must be produced in a way that minimises lot-to-lot variance and meets the highest standards set by ISO 15189 and the World Health Organisation. a level where they detect exceptional variation. This paper outlines the differences between clinical chemis- try and infectious disease serology and offers a range of recommendations when addressing the quality control of infectious disease serology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: clinical chemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: infectious disease serology
  topic: keywords
subject: recommendations
  topic: keywords
subject: third party controls
  topic: keywords
subject: quality control.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. S.Gowtham
creator: Mr. K. Rambabu
creator: Mr. N.Johanraju
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-06-12
publication date: 2023-06-12
starting page: 29
ending page: 40